作为及物动词,outlive 要求直接接宾语,其英美发音一致为[ˌaʊtˈlɪv],重音在第二个音节[2] [4] 。在剑桥英语语料库中,该词常出现在生物寿命比较("She outlived both her children")和事物存续性讨论("sociological theories may have outlived their usefulness"[1] )两类语境中。
该词包含三层递进语义:
生存时间超越:指生物体存活时间长于比较对象,如"He outlived his wife by three years"(他比妻子多活三年)[4]
事物存续持久:形容非生命体存在时间长于其他事物,如"The world has outlived much..."(世界历久弥新)[5]
功能时效延续:特指事物超越原有功能周期,如"The advisory group has outlived its usefulness"(顾问组已失效)[5]
该动词遵循规则变形:
过去式:outlived("Octogenarians outlived their peers"[4])
现在分词:outliving("organisms outliving their creators"[5])
第三人称单数:outlives("A song outlives sermons"[4])
与 outlast、survive 的差异主要体现在:
outlast强调耐力较量(如比赛时长比拼)
survive突出灾难幸存含义
outlive特指时间维度的超越,如"Can hedge funds outlive star managers?"(基金能否比经理人持久)
在英国议会档案中,该词用于制度存续讨论:"not override institutions that had outlived..."(无法推翻历久制度)[1] 。医学文献记载:"马拉松运动员可能比常人长寿"(ultra-marathoner might outlive us all)[5] 。哲学语境中出现"Will parasites outlive parasitologists?"(寄生虫会比研究者更长久吗)的思辨句式[4] 。